List some common type of mics used, and why they are?

Directional microphone

Another directional mic

Contact microphones, also known as crystal mics, good for picking up vibrations and other sounds traveling through solids

Really early microphone technology

Microphone that works on electromagnetic induction

Most common mic in use today

Microphone that picks up sound in all directions

Microphone that only picks up sound in an 180 degree arc

Principle that all mics work on